THE STATUS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN NEPAL
Introduction
Culture is a factor that influences a man right from his/her childhood. It does not matter in whichever family, community or even country he/she is born. The cultural life of a person depends on his/her family background. A country’s prestige depends on its cultural and cultural heritage. They resemble the past and the present of a country. The culture and the cultural heritages are the precious property of a country. The culture of any country can bring many about positive change in the country.
Culture is our life-related practice. It is in practice from a long period as a human culture. Culture in-fact is a broad term. It is also interrelated to the various human activities. Based on the past experiences people develop their own belief value system, attitude, opinion etc. They indicate steps and process of human civilization. Culture influences people of each locality. This makes difference in their behavior, thinking, opinion and social customs. On the basis of cultural influence, people develop their own life-system. It means human civilization is also a part of culture. Culture includes a number of things like traditional practices, religious activities, festivals, folk songs, dresses, dances, cultural activities, means of entertainment etc.
Since ancient time our ancestors have preserved our religion and culture that is called religious and cultural heritage. Knowledge, spiritual experience, aspiration, values and other culture related things develop our culture. So culture reflects special aspects of individual, society, ethnic group and nation as a whole. We can learn different aspects and phenomena of our society. Gradual development of cultural aspects is the basis of cultural development.
Situation
2001 has not been an easy year for Nepal. The country has witnessed much turmoil, suffering from a royal tragedy and also from enormous political problems. It seems not only the Nepalese people but also the country’s cultural heritage is suffering in these times. The monuments and the ancient sites naturally remain silent - but if they could speak the valleys and hillsides would be full of their lamentations. Every year Nepal is losing a significant portion of its incredibly rich and diverse cultural heritage. The alarming condition of the most important sites - and countless equally precious sites that are afforded far less protection - give cause for serious concern. The dismantling and scarring of historic buildings is regrettably common. Several important buildings and monuments that were not under the protection of the UNESCO World Heritage list have been dismantled, or collapsed through lack of maintenance. In their place the desire to build quickly and above all cheaply is producing a modern architecture that is ad hoc and chaotic, characterized by the poorly constructed concrete pillar buildings that are so detrimental to the fabric of the historic areas - and an increasing blot upon the beautiful Nepalese landscape.
Although these threats to the country’s cultural heritage are largely confined to private property, many of the more prestigious national sites and monuments are also in danger. Uncontrolled new buildings and roads at many historic sites - even in the midst of some of the most important ancient sites - are springing up quickly. Nor are some UNESCO listed sites left untouched by such developments.
There are a few notable examples of communities beginning to take an active part in the conservation of their heritage. This cultural awareness is most obvious where particular sites are used directly to generate income. But even the financial incentives of tourism cannot totally relieve the pressures on a great many monuments. Ironically these are sometimes threatened by the very attempts to save them. Many of the so-called conservation and restoration projects in Nepal are, in reality, often large-scale renovations, or complete reconstructions. These can damage or obliterate the original fabric that they set out to preserve. Perhaps this is due in part to wider international uncertainties over definitions of conservation. But greater sensitivity is undoubtedly called for. Even if the most sophisticated and cutting edge conservation techniques, pioneered in Europe and elsewhere, might not always be transferable to Nepal, a minimum care of authenticity should be expected after all the national and international efforts in the country.
While we should acknowledge that there would always be conflicting pressures between preserving the ancient and yet creating an environment suitable for modern life, greater efforts need to be made to avoid the many wrong turnings. In Katmandu, for instance, the proliferation of slavish modern copies of ancient design in new buildings, such as hotels and shopping malls - yet in a totally different context, use and scale - is not conducive to a living, vibrant architecture. There are young architects of vision and talent in Nepal, but they are not being given the opportunity to express themselves. Instead, there is a very real danger that new urban development will come to resemble an idealized, sterile Disneyland that fails to reflect the society that surrounds it. This is scarcely in harmony with the officially adopted slogan: ‘Nepal, a land with living cultural heritage’. It is a tragic irony that this should be happening just as many ‘genuine’ examples of remaining architectural heritage are collapsing into rubble.
Why is it that the responsible departments and organizations are not able to change this depressing situation? A lack of financial resources and investments? This can hardly be deemed the case, given the huge amount of aid pumped into Nepal on a yearly basis. The necessary skills can still be found, labor costs remain (by Western standards) low and materials are available at a reasonable price. Under these conditions, conservation and preservation work should not be difficult to undertake. So why is this not happening on a more significant scale, and in a more sympathetic way? Consider the various strategies that have thus far sought to defend a fragile and fast-shrinking heritage. Workshops, symposiums, training initiatives, awareness campaigns - Nepal has seen many of these. But an honest evaluation of their results would have to conclude that talking has not always led to action. Rules and regulations, government legislation - there is no shortage of these. It is the implementation that is lacking. The enforcement of necessary conservation measures, often unpopular with owners, seldom takes place. At present it seems there are many higher priorities than heritage conservation.
Among the wider population, the prevailing indifference and disregard for the country’s physical heritage suggests that only a minority is interested in its preservation. This can be attributed, in part, to a lack of popular awareness concerning the importance of many aspects of the country’s heritage. This, in turn, stems from a failure to provide education on this subject for school children and students. Although there are some welcome education initiatives now taking place, the official support for them remains fragmented and weak. At present there is a clear shortage of ‘home-grown’ skills in the field of cultural heritage in Nepal - whether in teachers, lecturers or technical experts. At an academic level, there is an obvious dearth of scientific studies, inventories and documentation. Where these have been carried out, it has often been at the instigation of foreign organizations. The responsible government departments have not created a public documentation center, or developed user-friendly systems that might enable municipalities to support the urgent tasks of surveying and documentation at a non-academic level. Rectifying this will need to be a dedicated and long-term strategy. But the time for commencing these actions must be now. Traditional buildings, temples and monuments are disappearing daily. The living witnesses of the country’s past heritage are also dying out. And the absence of documentation makes it almost impossible to help preserve the immeasurable value of both - for the next generation of Nepalese, as well as the world at large.
Factors deteriorating cultural heritage
The culture of our country is deteriorating day by day at a very high rate. The following can be some of the possible causes for its deterioration:
1. Carelessness of the people towards its bad effects.
2. Ignorance of the people
3. Out of reach of concerned department
4. Various foreign languages especially English has influenced the Nepali language
5. The influence of foreign culture among the youngsters
6. Selfishness of the people, which leads them to steal our valuable cultural assets of the country like idols, artistic things etc. They then sell it for high price in foreign country. This makes the future generation unknown about our culture and they will be forced to visit foreign museums for the knowledge of our culture.
Peoples Opinion
Q. Who do you think is responsible for the deterioration of Nepalese culture?
Ans. Nepalese themselves.
Q. What can be done for preventing deterioration of culture?
Ans. Make the people aware of importance and significance of their culture.
Q. How can we preserve our culture?
Ans. i. Following the cultural rituals
ii. Encouraging the new generation to continue the cultural practices
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is clear that it is high time to act. If the Nepalese really want to keep their rich cultural heritage they have to work hard for that objective, and also to fight against fatalism. Aid organizations can provide many valuable tools and resources, but it cannot be their responsibility to create an impetus for heritage conservation among the Nepalese themselves. Hopefully for the remaining heritage of Nepal, there will be a positive ending - just as there is in a fine story about a difficult and much-discussed restoration of a holy idol, which concludes with the happy sentiments of an old man from the mountains: ‘Now, the gods can smile again’
Friday, September 24, 2010
introduction of cultural heritage of nepal
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NEPAL
Introduction to Cultural Heritage
Culture includes language, dress, traditional practice, literature, religion, dances, belief and others. These aspects are the assets of the society. They are also related to the environment, Cultural heritages are those things related to culture which passed on from one generation to next. Culture is linked with the human and social development activities. People cannot be away from their cultural phenomena. Almost all the human activities such as life-styles economic activities social activities are related to the culture. Culture is our life –related practice. Cultural heritages plays a vital role to introduce a country in an international area .Nepal is place of inhabitants of different ethnic groups so, they are different languages dialects, customs, traditions. The cultural heritages of Nepal are listed in the world heritage list by the help of UNESCO. The cultural heritages Nepal enlisted in the world heritage list are as follows:
1) Swyambhunath
2) Bhaktapur Durbar Square
3) Changu Narayan Temple
4) Kathmandu Durbar Square
5) Bauddhanath
6) Lumbini
7) Pashupatinath
Culture includes language, dress, traditional practice, literature, religion, dances, belief and others. These aspects are the assets of the society. They are also related to the environment, Cultural heritages are those things related to culture which passed on from one generation to next. Culture is linked with the human and social development activities. People cannot be away from their cultural phenomena. Almost all the human activities such as life-styles economic activities social activities are related to the culture. Culture is our life –related practice. Cultural heritages plays a vital role to introduce a country in an international area .Nepal is place of inhabitants of different ethnic groups so, they are different languages dialects, customs, traditions. The cultural heritages of Nepal are listed in the world heritage list by the help of UNESCO. The cultural heritages Nepal enlisted in the world heritage list are as follows:
1) Swyambhunath
2) Bhaktapur Durbar Square
3) Changu Narayan Temple
4) Kathmandu Durbar Square
5) Bauddhanath
6) Lumbini
7) Pashupatinath
Importance of cultural heritage
The importance of cultural heritages can be explains in a number of ways. Some of them are as follow :
a) Harmony in the society: Cultural heritages are closely related to people. If people practice their religious principle properly they will be in discipline. It helps to develop a harmony in the society.
b) Integral parts of an environment: The components of cultural heritages like ponds, rivers etc. are the part of natural environment and components such as temples, statues, stupas, and houses are part of physical environment. Therefore cultural heritages are integral parts of environment.
c) Sources of information: Cultural heritages contain lots of ancient civilization knowledge. People could study their ancient civilization.
d) Various social activities, national festivals, ceremony, fares and pilgrimage, religious places come under the cultural heritage.
e) Development of religion and culture helps to develop knowledge and skill related to it. It contributes to the development of education skills and arts in the country. It is necessary to study and explore the activities related to our culture to clear originality and values of our culture.
f) Each country has its own cultural heritage. It includes its originality, specialty of tradition and other valuable aspects. These are the most valuable assets of the country.
g) Cultural heritage includes different types of social activities, festivals ceremonies, religious place, religious ceremony etc. carry social values.
h) It has accumulated the originality, characteristics and traditions of the country. These are the precious properties of the nation. They have held the pride of the national.
The importance of cultural heritages can be explains in a number of ways. Some of them are as follow :
a) Harmony in the society: Cultural heritages are closely related to people. If people practice their religious principle properly they will be in discipline. It helps to develop a harmony in the society.
b) Integral parts of an environment: The components of cultural heritages like ponds, rivers etc. are the part of natural environment and components such as temples, statues, stupas, and houses are part of physical environment. Therefore cultural heritages are integral parts of environment.
c) Sources of information: Cultural heritages contain lots of ancient civilization knowledge. People could study their ancient civilization.
d) Various social activities, national festivals, ceremony, fares and pilgrimage, religious places come under the cultural heritage.
e) Development of religion and culture helps to develop knowledge and skill related to it. It contributes to the development of education skills and arts in the country. It is necessary to study and explore the activities related to our culture to clear originality and values of our culture.
f) Each country has its own cultural heritage. It includes its originality, specialty of tradition and other valuable aspects. These are the most valuable assets of the country.
g) Cultural heritage includes different types of social activities, festivals ceremonies, religious place, religious ceremony etc. carry social values.
h) It has accumulated the originality, characteristics and traditions of the country. These are the precious properties of the nation. They have held the pride of the national.
BHAKTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Introduction: - Situated at an altitude of 1401m Bhaktapur covers an area of four square miles. 'Bhakta' means 'devotees' and 'Pur' means 'city' so, Bhaktapur means city of devotees. Devotees still remain a medieval charm and visitors to this ancient town are treated to myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glory of the Mall rules continues to be reflected at the Durbar square.
Introduction: - Situated at an altitude of 1401m Bhaktapur covers an area of four square miles. 'Bhakta' means 'devotees' and 'Pur' means 'city' so, Bhaktapur means city of devotees. Devotees still remain a medieval charm and visitors to this ancient town are treated to myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glory of the Mall rules continues to be reflected at the Durbar square.
Main Attractions of Durbar Square:
The Golden Gate: It is the main entrance to the main courtyard of the 55 windows palace.
The Big Bell: There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the stone temple of Bastala Devi , it is also known as 'Bell of the Barking dogs'
The national art Gallery: It contains ancients and medieval paintings belonging to Hindu and Buddhists schools depicting tantrism of various periods and also the descriptions.
Dattatraya Square: The Square takes it name from the Dattatraya temple. The square is famous for ornate Monasteries known as Maths
Bhairavnath Temple: This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but was later changed into a tree storey temple in this by king Bhupatindra Malla.
Nyatapole Temple: This five storey pagoda was built in 1702 Ad by King Bhupatindra Malla.
The Big Bell: There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the stone temple of Bastala Devi , it is also known as 'Bell of the Barking dogs'
The national art Gallery: It contains ancients and medieval paintings belonging to Hindu and Buddhists schools depicting tantrism of various periods and also the descriptions.
Dattatraya Square: The Square takes it name from the Dattatraya temple. The square is famous for ornate Monasteries known as Maths
Bhairavnath Temple: This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but was later changed into a tree storey temple in this by king Bhupatindra Malla.
Nyatapole Temple: This five storey pagoda was built in 1702 Ad by King Bhupatindra Malla.
Changu Narayan Temple
Introduction: - Changu Narayan is among one of the most important monuments of the Kathmandu valley. Situated 18 km east of Kathmandu city and standing 1541 meters above the sea level, this monument is significant from religious cultural hi
storical archeological viewpoints. The site is termed with different names such as Champakaranya, Dolashiker and Dolaparuat, but it is famous with the name of Changunarayan. This site was built by king Haridutta Verma in 325 AD. The lord residing in this place is worshipped by th
e Hindus as Garuda Narayan. This temple is one of the glories examples of the splendors of the golden days of Lichhavis.
PATAN DURBAR SQUARE
Patan Durbar Square:
Introduction: Patan Durbar Square is situated in the Mangal Bazar of Lalitpur Municipality of Lalitpur district. This square is located at 5km southeast of Kathmandu and consists of palaces of Malla kings and temples. There are fine pagoda and Shikhara style temples, stone statues and unique artistic Newar architectures in this durbar square. The pala
Introduction: Patan Durbar Square is situated in the Mangal Bazar of Lalitpur Municipality of Lalitpur district. This square is located at 5km southeast of Kathmandu and consists of palaces of Malla kings and temples. There are fine pagoda and Shikhara style temples, stone statues and unique artistic Newar architectures in this durbar square. The pala
ces and temples were built during Malla period. Also known as Lalitpur or Yala De (Newari) this square is full of Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments. This diversity of the mediaeval culture that allowed both Hinduism and Buddhism to flourish has left a rich legacy of impressive sightseeing.
Main attractions: One of the most popular site of Patan Durbar square is the Shikhara style Krishna Mandir which was built by king Siddhi Narsingh Malla in the 17th century. It is supposed to be the 1st specimen of Shikhara Style temple all madein stone. Most of the important scenes from the asient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayan have been engrdued on its frizes.
Patan Museum: The museum inside the Durbar and specializes in bronze statues and religious objects. It is situated in Keshav Narayan Chowk. It was actually opened in 1997 but the building it is situated in dates itself as made in 1734. It is considered as one of the best museum in Asia as a whole.
3 Main Chowks: The main attraction of Patan Durbar Square is the ancient Royal palace indeed. It consists of three main courtyards (Mul chowk, Sundari Chowk and Mani Chowk, Narayan Chowk) The northeastern corner of the Mul chowk is the 3 storied octagonal temple of Taleju Bhawani built by King Shree Niwas Malla in 1667. The Sundari Chowk holds in its centre a masterpiece of stone sculptures popularly known as Royal Bath, Between central Mul chowk and Mani Keshab Narayan Choowk lies a temple of Degu Taleju looking out into the Main Square.
3 Main Chowks: The main attraction of Patan Durbar Square is the ancient Royal palace indeed. It consists of three main courtyards (Mul chowk, Sundari Chowk and Mani Chowk, Narayan Chowk) The northeastern corner of the Mul chowk is the 3 storied octagonal temple of Taleju Bhawani built by King Shree Niwas Malla in 1667. The Sundari Chowk holds in its centre a masterpiece of stone sculptures popularly known as Royal Bath, Between central Mul chowk and Mani Keshab Narayan Choowk lies a temple of Degu Taleju looking out into the Main Square.
KATHMANDU DURBAR SQUARE
Kathmandu Durbar Square:
Introduction: Kathmandu Durbar Square is situated at the heart of Kathmandu with old temple palaces, spectacular images and other unique construction. The name Hanuman Dhoka
Square comes form the big statue of Hanuman (the legendary monkey god mentioned in Hindu epic, ie. Ramayana) Dhoka means the big gate to the royal palace. The royal palace dates back to the 14th century. The Hanuman dhoka Durbar square is the historical seat of royalty where the kings are crowned and their coronations are solemnized. Noticing its importance UNESCO listed in the world heritage in 1997.
Main Attractions:
Kumari Grhar: Kumari (Vestal Virgin) or the living goddess who represents a very ancient Hindu diety of Nepal locally known as Taleju is Buddhist by birth. The temple of kumari is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka palace. The building has intricately carved wooden balconies and windows screens. This building was built in 1757 by king Jaya Prakash Malla.
Kasthamandop: Located near the temple of Kumari it is said to have been by king Laxmi Narasimha Malla in 16th century. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The city of 'Kathmandu' derives its name from this temple.
Jaishi Dewal: A five minute walk form he kasthamandop is the Shiva temple of Jaishi Dewal which is famous for its erotic carvings it is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra and other festivals.
Kasthamandop: Located near the temple of Kumari it is said to have been by king Laxmi Narasimha Malla in 16th century. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The city of 'Kathmandu' derives its name from this temple.
Jaishi Dewal: A five minute walk form he kasthamandop is the Shiva temple of Jaishi Dewal which is famous for its erotic carvings it is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra and other festivals.
RELIGIOUS PLACESES
Swyambhunath
Introduction: Syambhunath is a temple of Lord Buddha and it is situated about 3km west from central kathmandu. This temple is situated on a hillock about 77m high from the ground level. There are two white dome shaped temple called Anantapur and Pratappur on the either side of the main chaitya. This place was listed by the UNESCO in the world heritage list. It is an ancient holy place and in addition its natural features are marvelous. The beautiful view of the whole kathmandu can be observed from swyambhu
nath. "Swyambhu" means 'self-created'. It is said that in ancient times Swyambhu appeared by itself as a beacon of light over a lotus with a thousand of petals and later on a stupa was erected above the site covering the light. It is also said that after the construction of Swyambhu Chaitya and concealment of Swyambhunath Jyotirupa (self-existing light) five Buddhas representing five colors of Swyambhu Jyotirupa appeared. They were namely virochana Aksobhya Ratna Sambhav, Amitabha and Amagdsiddhi. These five Buddhas are enshrined around the main chaitya site. There are many temples in the Swyambhu site. But the main chaitya is one of the worlds most glories Buddhist Chitya. It is said to be about 200 years old. Painted on the four sides of the spire bases are the all seeing eyes of Lord Buddha.
On the western side of the stupa there is a pagoda style temple that houses the Lord Goddess Harati. This goddess is believed to take care of sick children. Close to the Swyambhunath lies a Tibetan Monastery which was founded quite recently(1904 AD) it houses a large gold image of Shakyamuni Buddha. At the beginning of staircases on the eastern side of the Swyambhunath hills there are huge statutes of Aksobhya Buddha and as one ascends further there are 3 more huge statues close to the Swyambhu hill is a small hillock with 1500 years old temple of Manjushree. The main stupa of Swyambhu is surrounded with prayer wheel with Tibetan Mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hon'
On the western side of the stupa there is a pagoda style temple that houses the Lord Goddess Harati. This goddess is believed to take care of sick children. Close to the Swyambhunath lies a Tibetan Monastery which was founded quite recently(1904 AD) it houses a large gold image of Shakyamuni Buddha. At the beginning of staircases on the eastern side of the Swyambhunath hills there are huge statutes of Aksobhya Buddha and as one ascends further there are 3 more huge statues close to the Swyambhu hill is a small hillock with 1500 years old temple of Manjushree. The main stupa of Swyambhu is surrounded with prayer wheel with Tibetan Mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hon'
Boudhanath
Introduction: - Bauddhanath is situated at Chahabil of Kathmandu municipal city. It is the holiest pilgrimage site for Buddhists. The Buddhist Bihar and Statues in Bouddhanath and in Surroundings in artistic and impressive. the area of Bouddhanath is also named as 'Little Tibet' of Nepal by the tourists because it influences Tibetan Culture. The 36m tall Buddhist Stupa has been erected and covers an area of 82.38m × 82.03m. The main entrance lies in the north side. In this ara there are 3 path to go round the Bouddha. The three parts are in the form of 3 layers or stairs. The staris have been constructed to reach the Sanctum on the both sioes of northern part of the stair. There are figures of the guards Bajrapani and Khadangapani on elephant, the state statue reflects in influences of Tibetan culture. On the first path there are 4 to 2 small chaityas in the northern and southern part respectively, after the third stairs a circular sanctum has been constructed at 4 sides of the sanctum. There are numerous figures of Terithangata Buddha with Tarano. Above this are the square shaped part whose front face the four directions of these parts. Two eyes and Pancharastimi are portrayed. There is belief that through eyes of Bouddha 's sight look every one after the 4 squared parts there are 13 layers. The 13 layer represent the wheel in the philosophy to attain the state of Bouddha the 13 layers of knowledge have to be a crossed on the top of the 13 layers. The colours represent Pancha Buddha.
Lumbini
Introduction: - Lumbini is the most sacred place for Buddhist as well as a glorious spot for the country because Sakyamuni or Siddhartha Gautam or Lord Buddha was born here in 623 BC for centuries Buddhist all over the world knew that Lumbini was the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Though its exact location was unknown. The Chinese pilgrims of ancient times Huan Tsang and Faeitian indicated to this area says , Lumbini where the Lord was born is a piece of heaven on Earth and one could see the snow-covered mountains among the splendid garden embedded with monasteries and stupas. Though the pilgrims described the location its exact location still remained uncertain and obscure until Dec 1st 1886. In 1886 German Archaeologist Dr. Alois A. Fuhrer came across a stone pillar and a ascertained beyond doubt that it is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. The Ashoka pillar discovered by the German Archeologist Dr. Fuhrer is the first epigraphic evidence relation to the life history of Gautam Buddha. It is also the most visible Landmark of the Lumbini Garden. It is said that the great Indian emperor Ahoka Visit this area on the twentieth year of his ascendancy to the throne and erected this pillar as homage to the birthplace of the Lord and his visit to this sacred place. The inscription on the pillar confirms that the locations of Lumbini harden as the birthpace of Lord Buddha. The inscription reads "Sakyamuni Buddha the blessed one was born here" The inscription engraved on the pillar indicates the historical evidence that Lord Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in Nepal
In addition to the pillar another important shrine is the bas relief statue of Maya Devi Enshrined in a small pagoda the image shows Mayadevi mother of the Lord Supporting herself by holding on with her right hand to the branch of a sal tree with newly born Buddha standing upright an a lotus pedestal on oval halo. Earliest the image of Mayadevi temple was currently dismantled to make way for further excavations which revealed the sanctum sanctorum the exact spot where Buddha was born.
In addition to the pillar another important shrine is the bas relief statue of Maya Devi Enshrined in a small pagoda the image shows Mayadevi mother of the Lord Supporting herself by holding on with her right hand to the branch of a sal tree with newly born Buddha standing upright an a lotus pedestal on oval halo. Earliest the image of Mayadevi temple was currently dismantled to make way for further excavations which revealed the sanctum sanctorum the exact spot where Buddha was born.
Pashupatinath
Introduction:- Pashupatinath is the temple which has unified all the Hindu people of Nepal as well as other country. It unifies 86% peo9ple of Nepal. It is situated in the northern part of Kathmandu valley. It lies at the western side of Bagmati river. The Pashupatinath temple is the largest Hundu temple and is considered to be the holies of all Hindu temple.
This temple is tiered with two golden roofs and the doors are made up of silver. There are directions mostly the western door is open. A famous and most venerated Shivalaya is enshrined in the temple. This temple was built by on of the ancient kings and has got a historical significance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the 3 most important gods in Hindu religion. Pashupatinath is built in the typical Nepali style. The four glided doors enhances its attractions. The western door is kept open whereas other doors are opened in special occasion only. It has been housing traditional art and architecture of Nepal. It exaplains the civilizations and settlement of Kathmandu valley. It also explains the inter-relationship between nature and culture. The great forest Bagmati river and other natural scene have decorated the Pashupati complex.
In the Pashupati premises there temples of number of god and goddesses like Bhairab , Ananta, Narayan, Kageshwori, Yamaraj and Ganesh. But the main temple is Pashupatinath and Guheswori. Several shrines and idols were established in this temple by different kings of Nepal. The golden foof on it were made by king Shiva Dev the idols of Lava Kush in it were established by king Jaya Prakash Malla. The Kotilinga in it was made by king Siddhi Narasimha Malla. so, different kings have put their effort in making Pashupatinath temple. Many huge gatherings are organized in the temple during many festivals, One of the largest gatherings is in Maha Shivaratri. The temple is crowded with worshippers devotees, Sadhus and observes who come to pay their homage to lord Pashupatinath in the night of Shivaratri, Similarly such gathering are also organized during other festivals like Janai Purnima, Teej etc.
This temple is tiered with two golden roofs and the doors are made up of silver. There are directions mostly the western door is open. A famous and most venerated Shivalaya is enshrined in the temple. This temple was built by on of the ancient kings and has got a historical significance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the 3 most important gods in Hindu religion. Pashupatinath is built in the typical Nepali style. The four glided doors enhances its attractions. The western door is kept open whereas other doors are opened in special occasion only. It has been housing traditional art and architecture of Nepal. It exaplains the civilizations and settlement of Kathmandu valley. It also explains the inter-relationship between nature and culture. The great forest Bagmati river and other natural scene have decorated the Pashupati complex.
In the Pashupati premises there temples of number of god and goddesses like Bhairab , Ananta, Narayan, Kageshwori, Yamaraj and Ganesh. But the main temple is Pashupatinath and Guheswori. Several shrines and idols were established in this temple by different kings of Nepal. The golden foof on it were made by king Shiva Dev the idols of Lava Kush in it were established by king Jaya Prakash Malla. The Kotilinga in it was made by king Siddhi Narasimha Malla. so, different kings have put their effort in making Pashupatinath temple. Many huge gatherings are organized in the temple during many festivals, One of the largest gatherings is in Maha Shivaratri. The temple is crowded with worshippers devotees, Sadhus and observes who come to pay their homage to lord Pashupatinath in the night of Shivaratri, Similarly such gathering are also organized during other festivals like Janai Purnima, Teej etc.
Sunday, August 15, 2010
PREFACE
PREFACE
Nearly every organization whose mission includes promoting access to information is well aware of the value of digital collections. To cultural organizations and funders alike, the prospect of making collections available to new and distant audiences is compelling. Digital technology is finding its way into cultural organizations, and it offers great promise for enhancing access. However, digitization efforts, despite everyone's good intentions, rise and fall on the waves of external funding.
New organizations have been created to promote and manage a growing number of digital initiatives. Some traditional organizations have added projects to accommodate the digital agenda, but they often treat these projects as special initiatives, rather than long-term programs that will require an ongoing commitment of funding, staffing, and time. The economic downturn has increased the vulnerability of many digital programs, especially those run by very small organizations that lack the human or financial resource cushion to sustain "add-on" programs.
The Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) has been watching these developments with concern. After Charles Henry, of Rice University, and Stanley Katz, of Princeton University, developed a working paper, American Cultural Heritage Initiatives: A National Review, which called for a detailed study of the situation, CLIR decided to support a study that would explore how the many small cultural organizations that have been launched in recent years will be sustained. CLIR commissioned museum consultant Diane Zorich to conduct the study. A steering committee composed of Charles Henry, Stanley Katz, Samuel Sachs, Patricia Williams, and Deanna Marcum provided guidance and advice throughout the study.
We believe the work presented here will be invaluable to all cultural organizations as they struggle to find the rightful place for digital initiatives in their agendas. We hope that funding agencies will also find the study useful.
Nearly every organization whose mission includes promoting access to information is well aware of the value of digital collections. To cultural organizations and funders alike, the prospect of making collections available to new and distant audiences is compelling. Digital technology is finding its way into cultural organizations, and it offers great promise for enhancing access. However, digitization efforts, despite everyone's good intentions, rise and fall on the waves of external funding.
New organizations have been created to promote and manage a growing number of digital initiatives. Some traditional organizations have added projects to accommodate the digital agenda, but they often treat these projects as special initiatives, rather than long-term programs that will require an ongoing commitment of funding, staffing, and time. The economic downturn has increased the vulnerability of many digital programs, especially those run by very small organizations that lack the human or financial resource cushion to sustain "add-on" programs.
The Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) has been watching these developments with concern. After Charles Henry, of Rice University, and Stanley Katz, of Princeton University, developed a working paper, American Cultural Heritage Initiatives: A National Review, which called for a detailed study of the situation, CLIR decided to support a study that would explore how the many small cultural organizations that have been launched in recent years will be sustained. CLIR commissioned museum consultant Diane Zorich to conduct the study. A steering committee composed of Charles Henry, Stanley Katz, Samuel Sachs, Patricia Williams, and Deanna Marcum provided guidance and advice throughout the study.
We believe the work presented here will be invaluable to all cultural organizations as they struggle to find the rightful place for digital initiatives in their agendas. We hope that funding agencies will also find the study useful.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere thanks to the members of the National Review Steering Committee, particularly Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) President Deanna Marcum, for assistance in all phases of this project. Thanks are also due to Cynthia Burns and Melanie Kamm of CLIR for facilitating contacts and follow-up tasks between CLIR, the author, and survey participants. I am also grateful to Ann Schneider for discussions about the Getty Los Angeles Electronic Cataloguing Initiative and to John Unsworth, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, and to the participants of the Allied Digital Humanities Organizations Committee (ADHOC), who allowed me access to their closed discussion list. Finally, my deepest thanks to the 38 individuals who participated in this survey on behalf of their organizations.
ranjita
ranjita
Friday, August 13, 2010
IMPORTANCE
Importance of cultural heritage
The importance of cultural heritages can be explains in a number of ways. Some of them are as follow :
a) Harmony in the society: Cultural heritages are closely related to people. If people practice their religious principle properly they will be in discipline. It helps to develop a harmony in the society.
b) Integral parts of an environment: The components of cultural heritages like ponds, rivers etc. are the part of natural environment and components such as temples, statues, stupas, and houses are part of physical environment. Therefore cultural heritages are integral parts of environment.
c) Sources of information: Cultural heritages contain lots of ancient civilization knowledge. People could study their ancient civilization.
d) Various social activities, national festivals, ceremony, fares and pilgrimage, religious places come under the cultural heritage.
e) Development of religion and culture helps to develop knowledge and skill related to it. It contributes to the development of education skills and arts in the country. It is necessary to study and explore the activities related to our culture to clear originality and values of our culture.
f) Each country has its own cultural heritage. It includes its originality, specialty of tradition and other valuable aspects. These are the most valuable assets of the country.
g) Cultural heritage includes different types of social activities, festivals ceremonies, religious place, religious ceremony etc. carry social values.
h) It has accumulated the originality, characteristics and traditions of the country. These are the precious properties of the nation. They have held the pride of the national.
Posted by Shankar 34 comments
BHAKTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Main Attractions of Durbar Square:
The Golden Gate: It is the main entrance to the main courtyard of the 55 windows palace.
The Big Bell: There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the stone temple of Bastala Devi , it is also known as 'Bell of the Barking dogs'
The national art Gallery: It contains ancients and medieval paintings belonging to Hindu and Buddhists schools depicting tantrism of various periods and also the descriptions.
Dattatraya Square: The Square takes it name from the Dattatraya temple. The square is famous for ornate Monasteries known as Maths
Bhairavnath Temple: This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but was later changed into a tree storey temple in this by king Bhupatindra Malla.
Nyatapole Temple: This five storey pagoda was built in 1702 Ad by King Bhupatindra Malla.
Changu Narayan Temple
Introduction: - Changu Narayan is among one of the most important monuments of the Kathmandu valley. Situated 18 km east of Kathmandu city and standing 1541 meters above the sea level, this monument is significant from religious cultural hi
storical archeological viewpoints. The site is termed with different names such as Champakaranya, Dolashiker and Dolaparuat, but it is famous with the name of Changunarayan. This site was built by king Haridutta Verma in 325 AD. The lord residing in this place is worshipped by th
e Hindus as Garuda Narayan. This temple is one of the glories examples of the splendors of the golden days of Lichhavis.
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PATAN DURBAR SQUARE
Patan Durbar Square:
Introduction: Patan Durbar Square is situated in the Mangal Bazar of Lalitpur Municipality of Lalitpur district. This square is located at 5km southeast of Kathmandu and consists of palaces of Malla kings and temples. There are fine pagoda and Shikhara style temples, stone statues and unique artistic Newar architectures in this durbar square. The pala
ces and temples were built during Malla period. Also known as Lalitpur or Yala De (Newari) this square is full of Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments. This diversity of the mediaeval culture that allowed both Hinduism and Buddhism to flourish has left a rich legacy of impressive sightseeing.
Main attractions: One of the most popular site of Patan Durbar square is the Shikhara style Krishna Mandir which was built by king Siddhi Narsingh Malla in the 17th century. It is supposed to be the 1st specimen of Shikhara Style temple all madein stone. Most of the important scenes from the asient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayan have been engrdued on its frizes.
Patan Museum: The museum inside the Durbar and specializes in bronze statues and religious objects. It is situated in Keshav Narayan Chowk. It was actually opened in 1997 but the building it is situated in dates itself as made in 1734. It is considered as one of the best museum in Asia as a whole.
3 Main Chowks: The main attraction of Patan Durbar Square is the ancient Royal palace indeed. It consists of three main courtyards (Mul chowk, Sundari Chowk and Mani Chowk, Narayan Chowk) The northeastern corner of the Mul chowk is the 3 storied octagonal temple of Taleju Bhawani built by King Shree Niwas Malla in 1667. The Sundari Chowk holds in its centre a masterpiece of stone sculptures popularly known as Royal Bath, Between central Mul chowk and Mani Keshab Narayan Choowk lies a temple of Degu Taleju looking out into the Main Square.
Posted by Shankar 0 comments
KATHMANDU DURBAR SQUARE
Kathmandu Durbar Square:
Introduction: Kathmandu Durbar Square is situated at the heart of Kathmandu with old temple palaces, spectacular images and other unique construction. The name Hanuman Dhoka
Square comes form the big statue of Hanuman (the legendary monkey god mentioned in Hindu epic, ie. Ramayana) Dhoka means the big gate to the royal palace. The royal palace dates back to the 14th century. The Hanuman dhoka Durbar square is the historical seat of royalty where the kings are crowned and their coronations are solemnized. Noticing its importance UNESCO listed in the world heritage in 1997.
Main Attractions:
Kumari Grhar: Kumari (Vestal Virgin) or the living goddess who represents a very ancient Hindu diety of Nepal locally known as Taleju is Buddhist by birth. The temple of kumari is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka palace. The building has intricately carved wooden balconies and windows screens. This building was built in 1757 by king Jaya Prakash Malla.
Kasthamandop: Located near the temple of Kumari it is said to have been by king Laxmi Narasimha Malla in 16th century. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The city of 'Kathmandu' derives its name from this temple.
Jaishi Dewal: A five minute walk form he kasthamandop is the Shiva temple of Jaishi Dewal which is famous for its erotic carvings it is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra and other festivals.
Posted by Shankar 0 comments
RELIGIOUS PLACESES
Swyambhunath
Introduction: Syambhunath is a temple of Lord Buddha and it is situated about 3km west from central kathmandu. This temple is situated on a hillock about 77m high from the ground level. There are two white dome shaped temple called Anantapur and Pratappur on the either side of the main chaitya. This place was listed by the UNESCO in the world heritage list. It is an ancient holy place and in addition its natural features are marvelous. The beautiful view of the whole kathmandu can be observed from swyambhu
nath. "Swyambhu" means 'self-created'. It is said that in ancient times Swyambhu appeared by itself as a beacon of light over a lotus with a thousand of petals and later on a stupa was erected above the site covering the light. It is also said that after the construction of Swyambhu Chaitya and concealment of Swyambhunath Jyotirupa (self-existing light) five Buddhas representing five colors of Swyambhu Jyotirupa appeared. They were namely virochana Aksobhya Ratna Sambhav, Amitabha and Amagdsiddhi. These five Buddhas are enshrined around the main chaitya site. There are many temples in the Swyambhu site. But the main chaitya is one of the worlds most glories Buddhist Chitya. It is said to be about 200 years old. Painted on the four sides of the spire bases are the all seeing eyes of Lord Buddha.
On the western side of the stupa there is a pagoda style temple that houses the Lord Goddess Harati. This goddess is believed to take care of sick children. Close to the Swyambhunath lies a Tibetan Monastery which was founded quite recently(1904 AD) it houses a large gold image of Shakyamuni Buddha. At the beginning of staircases on the eastern side of the Swyambhunath hills there are huge statutes of Aksobhya Buddha and as one ascends further there are 3 more huge statues close to the Swyambhu hill is a small hillock with 1500 years old temple of Manjushree. The main stupa of Swyambhu is surrounded with prayer wheel with Tibetan Mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hon'
Boudhanath
Introduction: - Bauddhanath is situated at Chahabil of Kathmandu municipal city. It is the holiest pilgrimage site for Buddhists. The Buddhist Bihar and Statues in Bouddhanath and in Surroundings in artistic and impressive. the area of Bouddhanath is also named as 'Little Tibet' of Nepal by the tourists because it influences Tibetan Culture. The 36m tall Buddhist Stupa has been erected and covers an area of 82.38m × 82.03m. The main entrance lies in the north side. In this ara there are 3 path to go round the Bouddha. The three parts are in the form of 3 layers or stairs. The staris have been constructed to reach the Sanctum on the both sioes of northern part of the stair. There are figures of the guards Bajrapani and Khadangapani on elephant, the state statue reflects in influences of Tibetan culture. On the first path there are 4 to 2 small chaityas in the northern and southern part respectively, after the third stairs a circular sanctum has been constructed at 4 sides of the sanctum. There are numerous figures of Terithangata Buddha with Tarano. Above this are the square shaped part whose front face the four directions of these parts. Two eyes and Pancharastimi are portrayed. There is belief that through eyes of Bouddha 's sight look every one after the 4 squared parts there are 13 layers. The 13 layer represent the wheel in the philosophy to attain the state of Bouddha the 13 layers of knowledge have to be a crossed on the top of the 13 layers. The colours represent Pancha Buddha.
Lumbini
Introduction: - Lumbini is the most sacred place for Buddhist as well as a glorious spot for the country because Sakyamuni or Siddhartha Gautam or Lord Buddha was born here in 623 BC for centuries Buddhist all over the world knew that Lumbini was the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Though its exact location was unknown. The Chinese pilgrims of ancient times Huan Tsang and Faeitian indicated to this area says , Lumbini where the Lord was born is a piece of heaven on Earth and one could see the snow-covered mountains among the splendid garden embedded with monasteries and stupas. Though the pilgrims described the location its exact location still remained uncertain and obscure until Dec 1st 1886. In 1886 German Archaeologist Dr. Alois A. Fuhrer came across a stone pillar and a ascertained beyond doubt that it is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. The Ashoka pillar discovered by the German Archeologist Dr. Fuhrer is the first epigraphic evidence relation to the life history of Gautam Buddha. It is also the most visible Landmark of the Lumbini Garden. It is said that the great Indian emperor Ahoka Visit this area on the twentieth year of his ascendancy to the throne and erected this pillar as homage to the birthplace of the Lord and his visit to this sacred place. The inscription on the pillar confirms that the locations of Lumbini harden as the birthpace of Lord Buddha. The inscription reads "Sakyamuni Buddha the blessed one was born here" The inscription engraved on the pillar indicates the historical evidence that Lord Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in Nepal
In addition to the pillar another important shrine is the bas relief statue of Maya Devi Enshrined in a small pagoda the image shows Mayadevi mother of the Lord Supporting herself by holding on with her right hand to the branch of a sal tree with newly born Buddha standing upright an a lotus pedestal on oval halo. Earliest the image of Mayadevi temple was currently dismantled to make way for further excavations which revealed the sanctum sanctorum the exact spot where Buddha was born.
Pashupatinath
Introduction:- Pashupatinath is the temple which has unified all the Hindu people of Nepal as well as other country. It unifies 86% peo9ple of Nepal. It is situated in the northern part of Kathmandu valley. It lies at the western side of Bagmati river. The Pashupatinath temple is the largest Hundu temple and is considered to be the holies of all Hindu temple.
This temple is tiered with two golden roofs and the doors are made up of silver. There are directions mostly the western door is open. A famous and most venerated Shivalaya is enshrined in the temple. This temple was built by on of the ancient kings and has got a historical significance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the 3 most important gods in Hindu religion. Pashupatinath is built in the typical Nepali style. The four glided doors enhances its attractions. The western door is kept open whereas other doors are opened in special occasion only. It has been housing traditional art and architecture of Nepal. It exaplains the civilizations and settlement of Kathmandu valley. It also explains the inter-relationship between nature and culture. The great forest Bagmati river and other natural scene have decorated the Pashupati complex.
In the Pashupati premises there temples of number of god and goddesses like Bhairab , Ananta, Narayan, Kageshwori, Yamaraj and Ganesh. But the main temple is Pashupatinath and Guheswori. Several shrines and idols were established in this temple by different kings of Nepal. The golden foof on it were made by king Shiva Dev the idols of Lava Kush in it were established by king Jaya Prakash Malla. The Kotilinga in it was made by king Siddhi Narasimha Malla. so, different kings have put their effort in making Pashupatinath temple. Many huge gatherings are organized in the temple during many festivals, One of the largest gatherings is in Maha Shivaratri. The temple is crowded with worshippers devotees, Sadhus and observes who come to pay their homage to lord Pashupatinath in the night of Shivaratri, Similarly such gathering are also organized during other festivals like Janai Purnima, Teej etc.
The importance of cultural heritages can be explains in a number of ways. Some of them are as follow :
a) Harmony in the society: Cultural heritages are closely related to people. If people practice their religious principle properly they will be in discipline. It helps to develop a harmony in the society.
b) Integral parts of an environment: The components of cultural heritages like ponds, rivers etc. are the part of natural environment and components such as temples, statues, stupas, and houses are part of physical environment. Therefore cultural heritages are integral parts of environment.
c) Sources of information: Cultural heritages contain lots of ancient civilization knowledge. People could study their ancient civilization.
d) Various social activities, national festivals, ceremony, fares and pilgrimage, religious places come under the cultural heritage.
e) Development of religion and culture helps to develop knowledge and skill related to it. It contributes to the development of education skills and arts in the country. It is necessary to study and explore the activities related to our culture to clear originality and values of our culture.
f) Each country has its own cultural heritage. It includes its originality, specialty of tradition and other valuable aspects. These are the most valuable assets of the country.
g) Cultural heritage includes different types of social activities, festivals ceremonies, religious place, religious ceremony etc. carry social values.
h) It has accumulated the originality, characteristics and traditions of the country. These are the precious properties of the nation. They have held the pride of the national.
Posted by Shankar 34 comments
BHAKTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Introduction: - Situated at an altitude of 1401m Bhaktapur covers an area of four square miles. 'Bhakta' means 'devotees' and 'Pur' means 'city' so, Bhaktapur means city of devotees. Devotees still remain a medieval charm and visitors to this ancient town are treated to myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glory of the Mall rules continues to be reflected at the Durbar square.
Main Attractions of Durbar Square:
The Golden Gate: It is the main entrance to the main courtyard of the 55 windows palace.
The Big Bell: There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the stone temple of Bastala Devi , it is also known as 'Bell of the Barking dogs'
The national art Gallery: It contains ancients and medieval paintings belonging to Hindu and Buddhists schools depicting tantrism of various periods and also the descriptions.
Dattatraya Square: The Square takes it name from the Dattatraya temple. The square is famous for ornate Monasteries known as Maths
Bhairavnath Temple: This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but was later changed into a tree storey temple in this by king Bhupatindra Malla.
Nyatapole Temple: This five storey pagoda was built in 1702 Ad by King Bhupatindra Malla.
Changu Narayan Temple
Introduction: - Changu Narayan is among one of the most important monuments of the Kathmandu valley. Situated 18 km east of Kathmandu city and standing 1541 meters above the sea level, this monument is significant from religious cultural hi
storical archeological viewpoints. The site is termed with different names such as Champakaranya, Dolashiker and Dolaparuat, but it is famous with the name of Changunarayan. This site was built by king Haridutta Verma in 325 AD. The lord residing in this place is worshipped by th
e Hindus as Garuda Narayan. This temple is one of the glories examples of the splendors of the golden days of Lichhavis.
Posted by Shankar 0 comments
PATAN DURBAR SQUARE
Patan Durbar Square:
Introduction: Patan Durbar Square is situated in the Mangal Bazar of Lalitpur Municipality of Lalitpur district. This square is located at 5km southeast of Kathmandu and consists of palaces of Malla kings and temples. There are fine pagoda and Shikhara style temples, stone statues and unique artistic Newar architectures in this durbar square. The pala
ces and temples were built during Malla period. Also known as Lalitpur or Yala De (Newari) this square is full of Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments. This diversity of the mediaeval culture that allowed both Hinduism and Buddhism to flourish has left a rich legacy of impressive sightseeing.
Main attractions: One of the most popular site of Patan Durbar square is the Shikhara style Krishna Mandir which was built by king Siddhi Narsingh Malla in the 17th century. It is supposed to be the 1st specimen of Shikhara Style temple all madein stone. Most of the important scenes from the asient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayan have been engrdued on its frizes.
Patan Museum: The museum inside the Durbar and specializes in bronze statues and religious objects. It is situated in Keshav Narayan Chowk. It was actually opened in 1997 but the building it is situated in dates itself as made in 1734. It is considered as one of the best museum in Asia as a whole.
3 Main Chowks: The main attraction of Patan Durbar Square is the ancient Royal palace indeed. It consists of three main courtyards (Mul chowk, Sundari Chowk and Mani Chowk, Narayan Chowk) The northeastern corner of the Mul chowk is the 3 storied octagonal temple of Taleju Bhawani built by King Shree Niwas Malla in 1667. The Sundari Chowk holds in its centre a masterpiece of stone sculptures popularly known as Royal Bath, Between central Mul chowk and Mani Keshab Narayan Choowk lies a temple of Degu Taleju looking out into the Main Square.
Posted by Shankar 0 comments
KATHMANDU DURBAR SQUARE
Kathmandu Durbar Square:
Introduction: Kathmandu Durbar Square is situated at the heart of Kathmandu with old temple palaces, spectacular images and other unique construction. The name Hanuman Dhoka
Square comes form the big statue of Hanuman (the legendary monkey god mentioned in Hindu epic, ie. Ramayana) Dhoka means the big gate to the royal palace. The royal palace dates back to the 14th century. The Hanuman dhoka Durbar square is the historical seat of royalty where the kings are crowned and their coronations are solemnized. Noticing its importance UNESCO listed in the world heritage in 1997.
Main Attractions:
Kumari Grhar: Kumari (Vestal Virgin) or the living goddess who represents a very ancient Hindu diety of Nepal locally known as Taleju is Buddhist by birth. The temple of kumari is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka palace. The building has intricately carved wooden balconies and windows screens. This building was built in 1757 by king Jaya Prakash Malla.
Kasthamandop: Located near the temple of Kumari it is said to have been by king Laxmi Narasimha Malla in 16th century. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The city of 'Kathmandu' derives its name from this temple.
Jaishi Dewal: A five minute walk form he kasthamandop is the Shiva temple of Jaishi Dewal which is famous for its erotic carvings it is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra and other festivals.
Posted by Shankar 0 comments
RELIGIOUS PLACESES
Swyambhunath
Introduction: Syambhunath is a temple of Lord Buddha and it is situated about 3km west from central kathmandu. This temple is situated on a hillock about 77m high from the ground level. There are two white dome shaped temple called Anantapur and Pratappur on the either side of the main chaitya. This place was listed by the UNESCO in the world heritage list. It is an ancient holy place and in addition its natural features are marvelous. The beautiful view of the whole kathmandu can be observed from swyambhu
nath. "Swyambhu" means 'self-created'. It is said that in ancient times Swyambhu appeared by itself as a beacon of light over a lotus with a thousand of petals and later on a stupa was erected above the site covering the light. It is also said that after the construction of Swyambhu Chaitya and concealment of Swyambhunath Jyotirupa (self-existing light) five Buddhas representing five colors of Swyambhu Jyotirupa appeared. They were namely virochana Aksobhya Ratna Sambhav, Amitabha and Amagdsiddhi. These five Buddhas are enshrined around the main chaitya site. There are many temples in the Swyambhu site. But the main chaitya is one of the worlds most glories Buddhist Chitya. It is said to be about 200 years old. Painted on the four sides of the spire bases are the all seeing eyes of Lord Buddha.
On the western side of the stupa there is a pagoda style temple that houses the Lord Goddess Harati. This goddess is believed to take care of sick children. Close to the Swyambhunath lies a Tibetan Monastery which was founded quite recently(1904 AD) it houses a large gold image of Shakyamuni Buddha. At the beginning of staircases on the eastern side of the Swyambhunath hills there are huge statutes of Aksobhya Buddha and as one ascends further there are 3 more huge statues close to the Swyambhu hill is a small hillock with 1500 years old temple of Manjushree. The main stupa of Swyambhu is surrounded with prayer wheel with Tibetan Mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hon'
Boudhanath
Introduction: - Bauddhanath is situated at Chahabil of Kathmandu municipal city. It is the holiest pilgrimage site for Buddhists. The Buddhist Bihar and Statues in Bouddhanath and in Surroundings in artistic and impressive. the area of Bouddhanath is also named as 'Little Tibet' of Nepal by the tourists because it influences Tibetan Culture. The 36m tall Buddhist Stupa has been erected and covers an area of 82.38m × 82.03m. The main entrance lies in the north side. In this ara there are 3 path to go round the Bouddha. The three parts are in the form of 3 layers or stairs. The staris have been constructed to reach the Sanctum on the both sioes of northern part of the stair. There are figures of the guards Bajrapani and Khadangapani on elephant, the state statue reflects in influences of Tibetan culture. On the first path there are 4 to 2 small chaityas in the northern and southern part respectively, after the third stairs a circular sanctum has been constructed at 4 sides of the sanctum. There are numerous figures of Terithangata Buddha with Tarano. Above this are the square shaped part whose front face the four directions of these parts. Two eyes and Pancharastimi are portrayed. There is belief that through eyes of Bouddha 's sight look every one after the 4 squared parts there are 13 layers. The 13 layer represent the wheel in the philosophy to attain the state of Bouddha the 13 layers of knowledge have to be a crossed on the top of the 13 layers. The colours represent Pancha Buddha.
Lumbini
Introduction: - Lumbini is the most sacred place for Buddhist as well as a glorious spot for the country because Sakyamuni or Siddhartha Gautam or Lord Buddha was born here in 623 BC for centuries Buddhist all over the world knew that Lumbini was the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Though its exact location was unknown. The Chinese pilgrims of ancient times Huan Tsang and Faeitian indicated to this area says , Lumbini where the Lord was born is a piece of heaven on Earth and one could see the snow-covered mountains among the splendid garden embedded with monasteries and stupas. Though the pilgrims described the location its exact location still remained uncertain and obscure until Dec 1st 1886. In 1886 German Archaeologist Dr. Alois A. Fuhrer came across a stone pillar and a ascertained beyond doubt that it is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. The Ashoka pillar discovered by the German Archeologist Dr. Fuhrer is the first epigraphic evidence relation to the life history of Gautam Buddha. It is also the most visible Landmark of the Lumbini Garden. It is said that the great Indian emperor Ahoka Visit this area on the twentieth year of his ascendancy to the throne and erected this pillar as homage to the birthplace of the Lord and his visit to this sacred place. The inscription on the pillar confirms that the locations of Lumbini harden as the birthpace of Lord Buddha. The inscription reads "Sakyamuni Buddha the blessed one was born here" The inscription engraved on the pillar indicates the historical evidence that Lord Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in Nepal
In addition to the pillar another important shrine is the bas relief statue of Maya Devi Enshrined in a small pagoda the image shows Mayadevi mother of the Lord Supporting herself by holding on with her right hand to the branch of a sal tree with newly born Buddha standing upright an a lotus pedestal on oval halo. Earliest the image of Mayadevi temple was currently dismantled to make way for further excavations which revealed the sanctum sanctorum the exact spot where Buddha was born.
Pashupatinath
Introduction:- Pashupatinath is the temple which has unified all the Hindu people of Nepal as well as other country. It unifies 86% peo9ple of Nepal. It is situated in the northern part of Kathmandu valley. It lies at the western side of Bagmati river. The Pashupatinath temple is the largest Hundu temple and is considered to be the holies of all Hindu temple.
This temple is tiered with two golden roofs and the doors are made up of silver. There are directions mostly the western door is open. A famous and most venerated Shivalaya is enshrined in the temple. This temple was built by on of the ancient kings and has got a historical significance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the 3 most important gods in Hindu religion. Pashupatinath is built in the typical Nepali style. The four glided doors enhances its attractions. The western door is kept open whereas other doors are opened in special occasion only. It has been housing traditional art and architecture of Nepal. It exaplains the civilizations and settlement of Kathmandu valley. It also explains the inter-relationship between nature and culture. The great forest Bagmati river and other natural scene have decorated the Pashupati complex.
In the Pashupati premises there temples of number of god and goddesses like Bhairab , Ananta, Narayan, Kageshwori, Yamaraj and Ganesh. But the main temple is Pashupatinath and Guheswori. Several shrines and idols were established in this temple by different kings of Nepal. The golden foof on it were made by king Shiva Dev the idols of Lava Kush in it were established by king Jaya Prakash Malla. The Kotilinga in it was made by king Siddhi Narasimha Malla. so, different kings have put their effort in making Pashupatinath temple. Many huge gatherings are organized in the temple during many festivals, One of the largest gatherings is in Maha Shivaratri. The temple is crowded with worshippers devotees, Sadhus and observes who come to pay their homage to lord Pashupatinath in the night of Shivaratri, Similarly such gathering are also organized during other festivals like Janai Purnima, Teej etc.
INTRODUCTION
Culture includes language, dress, traditional practice, literature, religion, dances, belief and others. These aspects are the assets of the society. They are also related to the environment, Cultural heritages are those things related to culture which passed on from one generation to next. Culture is linked with the human and social development activities. People cannot be away from their cultural phenomena. Almost all the human activities such as life-styles economic activities social activities are related to the culture. Culture is our life –related practice. Cultural heritages plays a vital role to introduce a country in an international area .Nepal is place of inhabitants of different ethnic groups so, they are different languages dialects, customs, traditions. The cultural heritages of Nepal are listed in the world heritage list by the help of UNESCO. The cultural heritages Nepal enlisted in the world heritage list are as follows:
1) Swyambhunath
5) Bauddhanath
1) Swyambhunath
2) Bhaktapur Durbar Square
3) Changu Narayan Temple
4) Kathmandu Durbar Square
6) Lumbini
7) Pashupatinath
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